Witt S. BMBF - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung : CLEVER – Die Verwertung von Glukose und die Anfälligkeit für chronischen Stress: Eine neue Strategie zur Förderung der Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen psychopathologische Erkrankungen. 09/2024-08/2027.
Schilling C. BMBF - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung : SLEEP-NEURO-Path - Beitrag schlafbezogener Biomarker zur Pathophysiologie von ME/CFS: Multimodale Charakterisierung von Hirnfunktion und -Durchblutung, neuronalem Stoffwechsel und genetischer Risikostruktur. 09/2024-08/2027.
MWK - Ministerium für Wissenschaft Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg : Untersuchung des Beitrags von genetischen Faktoren für die Pathogenese von Long Covid/Post-COVID19-Syndrom (EPILOC_Genetik/Genomik). 06/2024-11/2024.
Rietschel M. DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft : CRC TRR 265: Project S01: Central recruitment, imaging and biobanking. 07/2019-06/2023.
Project S01 will be responsible for the recruitment and support the basic characterization of the central cohort of 1050 subjects for projects A01-A04. S01 will coordinate the acquisition and quality assurance of a basic neurocognitive and neuroimaging battery (anatomical MRI, resting state MRI, fMRI during inhibitory control), and the biobanking of blood, as well as genome-wide genetic and epigenetic analyses. S01 will provide 15 subprojects of the CRC/TRR 265 with pre-processed psychometric-, MRI- and genetic data to be included in the outcome variable analyses.
Schmahl C. Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg GRK 2350/1: Graduertenkolleg "Der Einfluss von Traumatisierung im Kindes- und Jugendalter auf psychosoziale und somatische Erkrankungen über die Lebensspanne". 04/2018-09/2022.
Das geplante Graduiertenkolleg (GRK) untersucht die neurobiologischen, somatischen und psychosozialen Folgen von traumatischen Kindheitserfahrungen (bis 18 Jahre; adverse childhood experiences, ACE). Eingebunden in die zentralen Forschungsschwerpunkte des Zentralinstituts für Seelische Gesundheit
und beider Medizinischen Fakultäten der Universität Heidelberg, profitiert das GRK inhaltlich von bestehenden Forschungsverbünden zum Thema ACE und existierenden Kohorten sowie strukturell von langjähriger Erfahrung mit Graduiertenprogrammen. ACE wie z.B. sexueller und körperlicher Missbrauch oder Vernachlässigung stellen massive Stressoren dar, die auf vulnerable Phasen der somato-psychischen Entwicklung treffen und damit sowohl kurz- als auch langfristig erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die psychische und körperliche Gesundheit haben. Weder die kausalen Zusammenhänge
noch vermittelnde Mechanismen dieser Schädigungen sind ausreichend verstanden.
Dies liegt zum einen an der großen Varianz bezüglich Art, Zeitpunkt, und Intensität der Traumatisierung sowie an einer Vielzahl möglicher protektiver Faktoren. Auf der anderen Seite manifestieren
sich die Folgen von ACE in sehr diversen psychosozialen und somatischen Problemen wie etwa dysfunktionaler Stressreaktivität oder Emotionalität, zwischenmenschlichen Problemen, Depression,
Sucht, chronischen Schmerzen oder inflammatorischen und metabolischen Erkrankungen. Die zentralen Ziele des GRK sind: (1) den Einfluss von Art, Zeitpunkt und Intensität von ACE sowie protektiver
Faktoren auf die Entstehung von psycho-somatischen Folgeerkrankungen zu untersuchen; (2) das Verständnis psychosozialer, neurobiologischer und epigenetischer Mechanismen von ACE-assoziierten psychischen und physischen Erkrankungen zu verbessern; (3) neue psychosoziale und pharmakologische Behandlungsansätze und Public Health Programme für die Folgen von ACE zu entwickeln.
Das geplante GRK wird Doktoranden der Fächer Medizin, Psychologie, Biologie und verwandter Naturwissenschaften sorgfältig auswählen und ausbilden. Neben der direkten wissenschaftlichen Betreuung in den beteiligten Arbeitsgruppen wird ein strukturiertes Betreuungs- und Qualifizierungskonzept – basierend auf der langjährigen Erfahrung in ähnlichen Programmen (SFB 636, KFO 256, weiteren Graduiertenschulen der Universität Heidelberg) – die bestehenden institutionellen Voraussetzungen für die Ausbildung international führender WissenschaftlerInnen optimieren. Das umfassende Lehrprogramm besteht aus Seminaren und Workshops mit ergänzender Sommerschule, Master Class, Symposien und nationalen oder internationalen Praktika. Diese vermitteln und trainieren relevante Inhalte und Methoden, Schlüsselqualifikationen und Soft Skills. Mentoring und Coaching optimieren die persönliche Weiterentwicklung.
DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft WI 3439/3-2: Neurobiology of affective disorders: A translational perspective on brain structure and function, WP5: (Epi-)Genetics/ gene expression . 12/2018-11/2021.
Rietschel M. BMBF - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung 01EW1810: SYNSCHIZ: WP1 (Gen-Identifizierung) und WP5 (Innovation, Schutz geistigen Eigentums, kommerzielle Verwertung):. 08/2018-07/2021.
Das SYNSCHIZ Projekt stellt eine Zusammenarbeit von Experten aus Norwegen, Deutschland, der Schweiz, Finnland, Rumänien, und den Niederlanden dar, mit dem Ziel synaptische Dysfunktion als
Risikomechanismus der Schizophrenie (SCZ) zu untersuchen.
WP5 hat das Ziel die kommerzielle Verwertung der in SYNSCHIZ gewonnen Erkenntnisse sicherzustellen und damit einen entscheidenden Beitrag zum translationalen Aspekt von SYNSCHIZ zu leisten. Wir gehen davon aus, dass mehrere Forschungsergebnisse von hohem Wert für die Forschungsgemeinschaft erzielt werden. Insbesondere die Entwicklung eines in vitro Modells für SCZ kann im Bereich Wirkstoffscreening und dem Testen neuer Pharmazeutika von großem Wert sein.Die kommerzielle Auswertung kann sowohl durch die Ausgründungen von Firmen oder durch Lizenzvereinbarungen mit Pharmafirmen erfolgen.
DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft RI 908/11-2: Neurobiology of affective disorders: A translational perspective on brain structure and function, WP5: (Epi-)Genetics/ gene expression. 08/2018-07/2021.
Rietschel M. BMBF - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung 01EE1409C: Verbund ASD-Net: Service Module - (Epi)Genetics and imaging genetics in ASD. 02/2015-12/2019.
Evidence implicates genetic and environmental factors as playing a substantial role in the aetiology of ASD1-3. The contribution of environmental factors may partially be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation. Oxytocin (OXT) as well as genetic variation and methylation differences in genes related to the OXT pathway modulate human social behaviour and play a substantial role in the treatment of the core deficits in individuals with ASD4. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of how OXT impacts on a behavioural and/or neural
level. In the light of the individual variability of OXT response, the consideration of individual factors like gender, genetic and epigenetic variations in studies investigating the efficacy of OXT administration in treatment of ASD are warranted5. In this project, we aim to identify which genetic and epigenetic factors are a) predictive at baseline for the patients’ treatment [OXT, social skills training (SST)+placebo, SST+OXT] outcome and b) associated with the response to acute and
long-term OXT administration. By identifying implicated genetic factors and methylation changes, we will c) gain new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ASD and the OXT response.
Data at baseline and after treatment will be analyzed not only with respect to the categorical diagnoses but also regarding behavioural and imaging subphenotypes. To verify highquality data management and assessment of the neuroimaging data across sites, the service module will also implement standard routines and protocols for quality assurance.
DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft WI 3439/3-1: WP6 Integrierte Analyse genetischer, epigenetischer und umweltbedingter Vulnerabilitästsfaktoren in affektiven Störungen . 04/2014-04/2017.
WP6 RESEARCH PROJECT
Integrative analyses of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental vulnerability factors
for affective disorders
Prof. Dr. Marcella Rietschel1, Dr. Stephanie Witt1, Dr. Axel Krug2, 1University of Heidelberg, Central
Institute of Mental Health (ZI) Mannheim, 2University of Marburg, Department of Psychiatry
Summary
The aim of this workpackage is to identify how genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors impact
on the etiology of affective disorders. This will be achieved by correlating these factors with each
other, with categorial diagnoses, and with endophenotypes. The latter will be assessed in magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) and immunological studies performed in WP1 and WP3. To ensure stateof-
the-art coverage of all variants known to be of importance to psychiatric disorders, subjects will be
genotyped with the PsychChip, a custom 20,000 probe multiplex array that is specific for psychiatricdisorders.
For the statistical analyses, a convergent approach will be applied in collaboration with
WP7. This will comprise multimarker-, polygenic score based-, and pathway analytical methods, and
will take into account environmental factors. The results of our analyses will provide data concerning
diagnosis-specific factors, as well as factors which are of relevance across diagnostic boundaries.
Background and own previous work:
The heritability of bipolar disorder (BD) has been reported to be as high as 80%, while that of major
depressive disorder (MDD) ranges between 40 and 70%. However, the scientific community is calling
the conceptualisation of these two disorders as separate entities increasingly into question 317.
Formal- and molecular genetic studies also indicate a substiantial overlap in their etiology. The number
of identified vulnerability genes for affective disorder is increasing, and our group has contributed
substantially to these findings 20,22,318. Identification of the first vulnerability genes has identified various
neurobiological mechanisms in the etiology of affective disorders 11,319, and the use of more refined
phenotypes is likely to generate further insights. For example, a growing number of studies,
including studies performed by our group, are demonstrating the important impact of environmental
factors on affective disorders. In a GxE study, we found that BDNF variation moderated the impact
of early psychosocial adversity on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and depressive symptoms
38. Given that affective disorders are heterogeneous clinical conditions, it is unlikely that single
genetic variants are associated with categorial disease. A more plausible hypothesis is that such
variants are associated with sub-dimensions. Therefore, an important prerequisite for understanding
why particular individuals will develop the disease whereas others will not, is to elucidate the influence
of genetic variation at the level of clinical subdimensions and/or endophenotypes, e.g. MRI or
immunological data.
With respect to clinical subimensions, we recently found that a genome-wide significant association
between BD and a variant in NCAN 22 was due to an association with an overactivity dimension
that is also present in MDD 11. Interestingly, NCAN deficient mice displayed a similar behavioral
phenotype, rendering them a novel animal model for pharmacological testing of this clinically
relevant subdimension. With respect to endophenotypes, the imaging genetic approach has
proven to be most successful in terms of delineating the possible mechanisms of action of vulnerability
genes 174,280,320,321. This approach will moreover help to elucidate how known environmental
risk factors act on the level of individuals 115.
Besides genetic factors, epigenetic modifications – which do not alter the genetic code, but
regulate gene expression – modulate the susceptibility to psychiatric disorders 50,53,322. Such modifications
include DNA methylation. In a recent study, we demonstrated that maternal prenatal stress
led to differential methylation in a large number of genes in the newborn. In a collaborative conver-
24
gent approach (with Moshe Syf, Univ. Montreal), which included use of primate animal models, we
detected a novel and reliable vulnerability gene for stress-related disorders 323.
Most of the genetic studies of affective disorders performed to date have analysed single
markers. Using multi-marker approaches, such as pathway/gene set based analysis or polygenic
score-based analysis, information contained in many small association signals throughout the genome
which is too weak to be detected by single marker tests can be cumulated. This is also a powerful
approach for testing shared genetic liability across categorial diagnoses 324,325, as well as
across symptom dimensions or sub-groups defined according to more refined phenotypes.
Work Program:
Genes of interests will be analysed throughout the course of the FOR, once a substantial number of
the study subjects have been characterized with the PsychChip. The two genes of interest (NCAN,
BDNF) will also be analysed in the animal model (WP2), and were selected because of the following
criteria: confirmed association with affective disorders; feasible for use in animal studies (WP2); expressed
in the synapse to be a gene of interest for WP4; and of relevance to the immunological hypotheses
addressed in WP3.
Genotyping and methylation studies will commence at the end of year 1 with n=500 subjects
and will be ongoing. Analyses will start as soon as the first findings are available. Data will be replicated
in the full cohort, once recruitment is complete. In year 1, we will also conduct feasibility studies
to determine which sub-phenotypes are useful and whether the proposed data mining technique
is feasible.
1. Genotyping of subjects recruited in WP1 for NCAN and BDNF.
2. Methylation analysis of NCAN and BDNF (pyro-sequencing).
3. Genotyping with the PsychChip (Illumina custom array), which is being developed by the Psychiatric
Genomic Consortium. The PsychChip contains 20,000 SNPs and CNVs of relevance to
psychiatric disease. SNP selection focuses on top hits from GWAS and meta-analyses, exome
SNPs, SNPs from the MHC region, and CNVs implicated in psychiatric disease.
4. Polygenic analyses to quantify the impact of aggregated genetic variation on sub- and endophenotypes
in collaboration with WP7. Using an integrative approach, all results from the genotyping
and methylation analyses will be combined. Multimarker-, polygenic, and pathway analyses
will then be performed to identify as yet undetected genotype-, GxE, and phenotype relationships.
One of the available data mining techniques is used in retail market research. Our
group recently adapted this method by developing the new software tool RUDI (RUle Discoverer)
in order to identify frequent and characteristic genotype patterns showing strong association
to phenotype clusters (http://rudi-genetics.net).
Outlook: In the second funding period, we will perform genome-wide association studies (GWAS),
genome-wide methylation studies in extreme groups, e.g. therapy outcome (good vs. bad responders),
and high/low risk groups and transition to disease. We will also take into account environmental
factors, such as stress (assessed via questionnaires and biological parameters, i.e. hair cortisol levels).
Project specific references
Miró X, Meier S, Dreisow ML, Frank J, Strohmaier J, Breuer R, Schmäl C, Albayram Ö, Pardo-Olmedilla MT, Mühleisen
TW, Degenhardt FA, Mattheisen M, Reinhard I, Bilkei-Gorzo A, Cichon S, Seidenbecher C, Rietschel M, Nöthen
MM, Zimmer A. Studies in humans and mice implicate neurocan in the etiology of mania. Am J Psychiatry.
2012 Sep;169(9):982-90.
Rietschel M, et al. Genome-wide association-, replication-, and neuroimaging study implicates HOMER1 in the etiology
of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Sep 15;68(6):578-85.
Krug A, Krach S, Jansen A, Nieratschker V, Witt SH, Shah NJ, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Kircher T. The Effect of
Neurogranin on Neural Correlates of Episodic Memory Encoding and Retrieval. Schizophr Bull, in press.
Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) Consortium. Genome-wide association
study identifies five new schizophrenia loci. Nat Genet. 2011 Sep 18;43(10):969-76. doi: 10.1038/ng.940.
Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Large-scale genome-wide association analysis
of bipolar disorder identifies a new susceptibility locus near ODZ4. Nat Genet. 2011 Sep 18;43(10):977-83.